STM-ING-02-Thermodynamique appliquée et eco-conception

  • ue-a-stm-ing-02
  • Architecture & Ingénierie

Semestre : 2

Responsable(s) du contenu pédagogique
  • François GLORIANT
  • Virginie DELBOS
  • Alexandre GRUTTER
Total coefficients : 3
Total heures : 39 (9 cours, 18 TD, 12 projet)
Total heures travail personnel : 10

Prérequis

Pedagogical Director: Lazaros Mavromatidis

Knowledge of Different Modes of Heat Transfer (Lecture)
Basic English Proficiency (since the TD studio and the courses are conducted in English)


Objectif

Understanding the Physical Phenomena Involved in Heat and Mass Transfer in Buildings. Calculation of Heat Losses and Loads
The primary objective of the TD (Travaux Dirigés) sessions is to cultivate a critical, interdisciplinary approach to architectural synthesis, integrating applied thermal engineering principles. This approach aims to guide students toward optimal conceptual solutions for buildings, balancing aesthetic qualities, environmental performance, and sustainability. The course emphasizes the development of buildings that are not only energy-efficient but also architecturally creative and responsive to the surrounding environment.

Key Areas of Focus:

Architectural and Environmental Synthesis:

The TD sessions are designed to foster a deep understanding of how architectural design decisions—such as building form, envelope composition, wall inclinations, and spatial distribution—affect the thermal performance and energy efficiency of the building.
Compactness and general morphology of the building are also key considerations, as they directly influence the building’s heat retention, energy consumption, and its interaction with the surrounding environment.
Students will explore the relationship between daylight management and thermal comfort, analyzing how the building’s orientation, window placement, and shading systems can optimize natural lighting while minimizing unwanted heat gain or loss.

Interdisciplinary Approach to Design:

The TD sessions encourage students to think critically about the interaction between architectural form and thermal performance. Students will learn how to apply thermal engineering calculations to architectural decisions, ensuring that their designs are both aesthetically pleasing and environmentally sustainable.
The objective is to find solutions that integrate architectural beauty and performance, moving towards buildings that not only meet but exceed sustainability standards, responding to climate change challenges through thoughtful design choices.

Regulations, Norms, and Sustainable Development Policies:

A significant component of the course is the familiarization with the regulatory framework, including national and international building regulations, energy performance norms, and sustainable development standards. Students will be introduced to the relevant nomenclatures, data sheets, and institutional policies aimed at mitigating climate change.
These regulations provide the necessary framework to guide students in designing buildings that align with the current demands for energy efficiency, low carbon footprints, and environmental responsibility, while still respecting the creative and functional goals of architecture.
Special attention will be given to understanding how thermal energy calculations (e.g., heat loss, heating/cooling loads) align with these regulations, and how to use this data to adjust and optimize the architectural project for energy efficiency.

Sustainable Development in the Context of Climate Change:

The TD sessions are specifically designed to address the climate crisis, helping students understand the role architecture plays in both adapting to and mitigating the impacts of climate change.
Building designs are analyzed in terms of their ability to respond to changing weather patterns, rising temperatures, and the need for energy-efficient systems.
Students will also explore innovative solutions that reduce the building's environmental impact, such as passive solar design, natural ventilation, energy-efficient materials, and renewable energy technologies like photovoltaic systems and green roofs.

Thermal Performance and Energy Efficiency Calculations:

Students will gain hands-on experience in calculating heat losses and thermal loads, which are essential for understanding the energy behavior of buildings. These calculations will help determine the necessary insulation, heating, and cooling requirements for the building.
The process will involve detailed assessments of building envelopes, including the thermal properties of materials, air tightness, and the impact of thermal bridges.
Emphasis will be placed on using accurate thermal data (such as U-values, R-values, and thermal mass) and software tools for simulating and optimizing the building's energy performance.

Pedagogical Approach:

Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving:

The course encourages students to develop critical thinking skills, enabling them to assess architectural designs from a thermal performance perspective and make informed decisions on how to optimize energy efficiency without compromising design quality.
A problem-based learning approach will be employed, where students tackle specific architectural challenges related to energy performance, such as improving thermal comfort, reducing energy consumption, and ensuring passive heating and cooling.

Design Iterations and Continuous Improvement:

Students will be encouraged to create iterative designs that evolve based on ongoing thermal performance assessments. Through feedback loops, they will refine their designs, balancing aesthetics with functionality and sustainability.
The iterative nature of the project fosters an understanding of how small design changes can significantly improve the thermal performance of a building, demonstrating the importance of ongoing analysis in the architectural process.

Collaboration and Cross-Disciplinary Learning:

The TD sessions foster a collaborative environment where students can work together and learn from each other. Collaboration between architecture, thermal engineering, and sustainability experts will help develop a comprehensive understanding of the multidisciplinary nature of modern building design.
Group discussions, collaborative problem-solving, and peer reviews will be encouraged to enhance students' ability to communicate complex ideas and solutions effectively.

Real-World Application and Innovation:

Students will apply the knowledge gained in the classroom to real-world design problems, ensuring that their projects are not only theoretically sound but also practical and innovative.
The course aims to develop students’ abilities to push the boundaries of architectural creativity while adhering to the rigorous demands of thermal engineering and sustainability.

Expected Outcomes:`

By the end of the course, students will be able to:

Integrate Thermal Engineering into Design: Effectively incorporate thermal performance considerations into architectural designs, ensuring energy efficiency and comfort.
Apply Thermal Calculations: Conduct accurate heat loss and load calculations to inform building design decisions.
Adhere to Regulations and Standards: Understand and apply relevant energy performance regulations, norms, and standards within their design projects.
Design for Sustainability: Create buildings that are both aesthetically pleasing and environmentally responsible, addressing climate change challenges through sustainable design strategies.
Enhance Interdisciplinary Skills: Work collaboratively with peers from various disciplines to produce holistic, energy-efficient architectural solutions.
In essence, the TD sessions offer students a comprehensive learning experience that equips them with the skills, knowledge, and tools necessary to design buildings that are not only energy-efficient but also resilient to climate change and innovative in their aesthetic expression.


Compétences attendues

Axe A1 : CONNAISSANCES ET COMPRÉHENSION
Capacité à mettre en place un raisonnement scientifique rigoureux. Capacité à mobiliser les ressources d'un large champ de sciences fondamentales.
- Connaître et expliquer les concepts théoriques relatifs à un large champ de sciences fondamentales
- Formaliser un problème à l'aide d'outils analytiques ou numériques
- Être capable de résoudre un problème scientifique à l'aide de méthodes analytiques ou numériques
- Identifier et exploiter les interactions entre des champs de sciences fondamentales connexes
- Être capable de transposer les connaissances scientifiques dans le domaine de la spécialité

Axe A2 : ANALYSE TECHNIQUE
Capacité à mobiliser les ressources dans le domaine de la spécialité. Mettre en œuvre des connaissances techniques multidisciplinaires pour résoudre des problèmes d'ingénierie.
- Identifier un problème, le reformuler
- Déterminer les leviers d'actions permettant de résoudre un problème
- Identifier et comparer des méthodes de résolutions potentielles
- Choisir une méthode de résolution adaptée au problème et en évaluer l'efficacité

Axe A3 : CONCEPTION TECHNIQUE
Capacité à mobiliser ou à développer des nouvelles méthodes de conception afin de concevoir des produits, des processus et des systèmes en tenant compte des dernières avancées techniques dans le domaine tout en prenant en compte les enjeux environnementaux et énergétiques.
- Choisir, appliquer et adapter les méthodes d'analyse et de spécifications du besoin
- Analyser et comparer un large champ de données techniques
- Définir les solutions techniques répondant au besoin
- Établir les modèles en vue de la prévision du comportement du produit ou du système
- Choisir et appliquer les méthodes de dimensionnement et de modélisation
- Réaliser et interpréter des simulations

Axe A4 : PRATIQUE DE L’INGÉNIERIE
Aptitude à consulter et appliquer les codes de bonnes pratiques, sur la base d'études scientifiques et techniques, piloter et mettre en œuvre de manière structurée un projet ou un processus en organisant le travail des collaborateurs de l'entreprises dans le respect de la réglementation en matière de sécurité et dans le respect des valeurs sociétales et éthiques.
- Cartographier l'ensemble des solutions techniques dans le domaine de la spécialité
- Appliquer des méthodes de préconception ou de prédimensionnement
- Mener une réalisation conformément aux besoins exprimés
- Développer une démarche d'audit ou de diagnostic
- Mettre en œuvre une démarche de vérification systématique
- Être capable de proposer une démarche d'ingénierie respectueuse des valeurs sociétales et environnementales
- Être capable de faire un devis et d'évaluer financièrement un projet

Axe A5 : ÉTUDES ET RECHERCHES
Capacité à investiguer un sujet technique en mobilisant les données issue de la recherche afin de réaliser des tests, conduire des expérimentations et des études d'applications.
- Être capable de faire l'état de l'art scientifique et technique y compris dans un domaine non familier
- Faire preuve d'esprit critique et de créativité pour développer des idées originales et nouvelles
- Proposer des solutions innovantes en prenant en compte les objectifs de développement durable
- Évaluer le potentiel d’application d’une technologie émergente dans la spécialité d’ingénieur
- Concevoir, exploiter et évaluer un modèle, une simulation ou une expérimentation

Axe A6 : ARBITRAGE DES SITUATIONS COMPLEXES
Aptitude à réaliser des arbitrages sur les problèmes complexes et partiellement définis en prenant en compte les objectifs de développement durable définis par l'ONU.
- Connaître l'organisation de la recherche en général et les thématiques de recherche liées à la spécialité d’ingénieur
- Faire preuve d'esprit critique par rapport à son propre travail
- Être capable de prendre en compte les enjeux du développement durable dans l'ensemble de son activité
- Être sensibilisé à l'entrepreneuriat, l'innovation, la propriété intellectuelle et à la créativité

Axe A7 : COMMUNICATION ET TRAVAIL EN ÉQUIPE
S’intégrer dans une organisation, l’animer et la faire évoluer en communiquant efficacement en plusieurs langues, dans un contexte pluridisplinaire et multiculturel.
- Être capable de se positionner dans l'entreprise et dialoguer avec les autres métiers
- Mobiliser les outils de management de projet et les techniques de leadership
- Être capable de prendre en compte un contexte international et multiculturel
- Exploiter des méthodes de communication et les appliquer dans le champ de la spécialité y compris en langue étrangère
- Prendre en compte les problématiques de qualité, sécurité, environnement et les dimensions juridiques et socio-économiques

Axe A8 : APPRENTISSAGE TOUT AU LONG DE LA VIE
Capacité à être acteur de son propre développement de compétences en s'appuyant sur les bonnes pratiques, en construisant son réseau professionnel et en mobilisant les ressources de la formation professionnelle continue.
- Être capable de construire un projet professionnel
- Capitaliser les connaissances et les savoir-faire
- Être capable d'auto-évaluer ses compétences


Programme

Energy Context, Thermal Regulation, and Heat Transfer in Buildings

1. Understanding the Energy Context

Overview of global and regional energy challenges.
Energy demand in buildings: current trends and future projections.
Importance of energy efficiency in buildings for sustainability.

2. Thermal Regulation Framework

Key principles of thermal regulations in building codes.
Overview of international, regional, and local standards (e.g., RT2012, RE2020, Passive House).
Objectives of thermal regulation: comfort, energy savings, and environmental impact.

3. Energy and Mass Transfer in Buildings

Identification of energy and mass transfer mechanisms in building envelopes.
Effects of environmental factors: temperature gradients, humidity, and solar radiation.

4. Modes of Heat Propagation: Applications to Buildings

Conduction
Steady-state heat transfer in building materials.
Transient (dynamic) conduction and its implications for thermal inertia.
Material properties influencing conduction: thermal diffusivity, effusivity, conductivity.
Convection
Heat transfer by air movement within and around buildings.
Natural vs. forced convection and their impact on thermal performance.
Radiation
Radiative heat exchange between building surfaces and the environment.
Influence of emissivity and absorptivity of materials.

5. Study of Opaque Building Envelopes

Thermal performance of walls, roofs, and floors.
Heat resistance (R-value) and thermal transmittance (U-value) of opaque assemblies.
Dynamic thermal properties: phase shift, damping, and thermal lag.

6. Thermal Bridges (Ponts Thermiques)

Definition and identification of thermal bridges in building construction.
Impact of thermal bridges on energy loss and condensation risk.
Methods for calculating and mitigating thermal bridges.

7. Study of Transparent Building Components (Parois Vitrées)

Thermal and optical properties of glazing systems: U-value, g-value, visible transmittance.
Single, double, and triple glazing technologies.
Integration of shading devices and coatings to improve performance.

8. Thermal Balance of a Building

Components of a building's thermal balance:
Heat gains: solar, internal, and equipment.
Heat losses: transmission, ventilation, and infiltration.
Calculation of heating and cooling loads using energy models.
Seasonal and annual energy performance assessments.

9. Introduction to Constructal Thermodynamics

Overview of the constructal law: flow system optimization in nature and engineering.
Application of constructal principles to building design:
Optimization of building form and layout for energy efficiency.
Analysis of energy flow pathways in the building envelope.

10. Practical Applications and Case Studies

Energy simulation tools for building analysis.
Case studies demonstrating best practices in energy-efficient design.
Workshop: optimizing the thermal performance of a model building.
This module aims to provide participants with a comprehensive understanding of energy transfer and thermal regulation in buildings, integrating theoretical principles with practical applications to improve energy efficiency.


Contraintes pédagogiques - Méthodes pédagogiques

During the TD sessions, the following pedagogical approach and program will be implemented to achieve an integrated understanding of sustainable architectural design and energy performance:

1. Development of Decision Tools for Architectural Design

Goal: Equip students with the ability to make informed architectural choices that align with sustainable development principles.
Activities:
Workshops on sustainable design strategies.
Case studies illustrating successful integration of sustainability in projects.

2. Integration of Energy Performance in Early Design Phases

Goal: Ensure energy performance constraints are considered during the upstream project phases.
Activities:
Interactive exercises to identify critical performance factors early in the design process.
Group discussions to prioritize energy considerations within conceptual designs.

3. Intelligent Energy Performance Management

Goal: Foster strategic decision-making tailored to the specific needs of each architectural project.
Activities:
Scenario-based exercises to select energy-efficient systems.
Collaborative design sessions focusing on site-specific energy strategies.

4. Notions of Thermal Comfort and Thermophysiology

Goal: Understand human thermal comfort and its physiological basis for building design.
Activities:
Analysis of thermal comfort standards (e.g., PMV/PPD models).
Interactive tools to evaluate comfort levels in different building scenarios.

5. Geometric Characteristics and Thermal Engineering

Goal: Develop intuitive indicators linking project geometry to thermal performance.
Activities:
Geometric analysis workshops using real or conceptual projects.
Introduction to energy modeling tools for assessing geometric impacts.

6. Standardization of Energy Calculation Renderings

Goal: Create a unified context for energy performance indicators across projects.
Activities:
Practical exercises to standardize data presentation and calculation methodologies.
Development of a shared framework for performance evaluation.

7. Identification of Thermal Bridges

Goal: Recognize and mitigate energy losses due to thermal bridges in design.
Activities:
Hands-on sessions to identify thermal bridges in construction details.
Parametric calculations to assess and propose solutions for identified bridges.

8. Lighting Needs and Daylight Factor (FLJ)

Goal: Incorporate effective daylighting strategies in architectural design.
Activities:
Analysis of lighting needs using daylight factor metrics.
Exercises applying the Harvard method to approximate daylighting performance.

9. Climatic Environment and Architectural Context

Goal: Holistically study the interaction between climate and architecture at a specific site.
Activities:
Data analysis of meteorological inputs and heliographs.
Practical assignments to adapt designs to local climatic conditions.

10. Solar Gains and Energy Consumption Calculations

Goal: Introduce parametric methods for evaluating solar and heating energy performance.
Activities:
Manual calculations of solar gains for selected designs.
Parametric modeling of heating energy consumption using simplified methodologies.

Outcomes
By completing this program, students will:

Master tools and strategies for sustainable architectural design.
Learn to integrate energy performance early in the project lifecycle.
Gain practical experience in assessing and optimizing thermal and lighting performance.
Apply parametric and manual calculation methods to contextual design challenges.
This structured and participative approach ensures that students can apply theoretical principles to practical scenarios, preparing them for real-world challenges in sustainable architecture.


Contraintes pédagogiques - Moyens spécifiques

The atelier serves as a dynamic and collaborative environment where the interplay between applied thermal engineering and architectural design takes center stage. It acts as a shared workplace that bridges the scientific rigor of thermal performance analysis with the creative and aesthetic processes of architectural design. The pedagogical methods implemented during these sessions are crafted to foster synergies between these dimensions, ensuring that projects evolve holistically throughout the semester.

Extended Pedagogical Methods

1. Collaborative Learning and Project-Based Approach

The atelier functions as a living lab, where students work on their architectural projects in iterative cycles, integrating feedback from applied thermal analyses into their designs.
Teamwork is encouraged to simulate real-world architectural practices, fostering collaboration between peers from diverse backgrounds.
Activities:

Group discussions and critiques of ongoing projects to encourage shared learning.
Peer-to-peer feedback sessions to refine both technical and design aspects of the project.

2. Integration of Thermal Engineering with Architectural Design

Thermal engineering principles are not studied in isolation but are applied directly to evolving design projects.
Students analyze how thermal performance affects and is affected by their architectural choices, ensuring an iterative and responsive design process.
Activities:

Real-time simulations and calculations of thermal performance metrics, such as U-values, daylight factors, and solar gains.
Design adjustments based on thermal analysis results, promoting an evidence-based approach to decision-making.

3. Synthesis of Aesthetic and Scientific Dimensions

The atelier emphasizes the inseparable relationship between form, function, and performance.
Students are encouraged to explore how scientific constraints, such as energy performance and thermal comfort, can inspire innovative and aesthetically pleasing solutions.
Activities:

Design workshops where thermal constraints are transformed into creative opportunities.
Case studies showcasing successful integration of aesthetics and performance in iconic architectural projects.

4. Synergy Between Disciplines

The atelier promotes an interdisciplinary approach, where concepts from physics, engineering, and architecture converge.
Students are guided to think critically about how thermal performance intersects with structural, material, and spatial considerations.
Activities:

Joint sessions with experts from different disciplines to explore multifaceted project challenges.
Interdisciplinary design exercises addressing site-specific constraints, such as local climate and urban context.

5. Continuous Project Evolution

Projects are not static but evolve throughout the semester in response to new insights gained from applied analyses.
This dynamic process mirrors real-world practices, where designs are refined iteratively based on feedback from various stakeholders.
Activities:

Weekly progress reviews that incorporate thermal performance benchmarks.
Development of prototypes or detailed drawings to test and visualize design concepts.

6. Practical Application of Advanced Analysis Methods

Students learn advanced yet accessible methods for evaluating energy performance and thermal comfort.
The goal is to empower students to independently assess and improve the energy efficiency of their designs.
Activities:

Workshops on approximate and parametric modeling techniques, such as the Harvard daylight method and manual solar gain calculations.
Exercises in using environmental data (meteorological and heliographic) to inform design decisions.

7. Shared Framework for Performance Evaluation

To ensure consistency and comparability, students are introduced to standardized methods and indicators for evaluating thermal performance.
This approach encourages clarity and transparency in presenting and critiquing design solutions.
Activities:

Development of a common indicator context for all teams, such as using unified metrics for daylight factors and energy consumption.
Standardized templates for presenting thermal analysis results in conjunction with design proposals.

8. Holistic Climatic and Architectural Studies

Students analyze the interaction between climate, site, and architectural form to develop context-sensitive designs.
This holistic perspective ensures that projects are not only energy-efficient but also responsive to their environmental and cultural settings.
Activities:

Detailed site analysis exercises integrating climatic data (e.g., wind patterns, solar paths).
Creative assignments to explore how climatic challenges can shape innovative architectural forms.

Learning Outcomes

By the end of the atelier-based TD sessions, students will:

Master the Integration of Theory and Practice: Apply thermal engineering principles seamlessly within their architectural projects.
Enhance Creative Problem-Solving Skills: Use scientific constraints as drivers for innovative and context-sensitive designs.
Foster Collaborative Skills: Work effectively in teams to synthesize diverse perspectives and expertise.
Develop Technical Proficiency: Gain hands-on experience with tools and methods for energy performance analysis.
Achieve Design Excellence: Produce architectural solutions that balance thermal efficiency, comfort, and aesthetic value.
This atelier-centric approach ensures a comprehensive learning experience, preparing students to address contemporary challenges in sustainable architecture with creativity, technical expertise, and interdisciplinary collaboration.


Mode d'évaluation

Submission Requirements for End-of-Semester Presentations
At the conclusion of the semester, students are required to present their projects orally and submit a comprehensive set of documents and deliverables. These submissions are designed to reflect the integration of thermal energy calculations and environmental parameters into the architectural design process. The documents must demonstrate a clear progression from initial concepts to the final proposal, highlighting how thermal engineering influenced design decisions.

1. Concept Design Booklet

Format: Maximum six (6) A3 horizontal pages, including a visually engaging cover page.
Content:
Project Evolution: A detailed explanation of how the project evolved over the semester due to the integration of thermal energy calculations and environmental considerations.
Key Concepts: A clear presentation of the key architectural and environmental design concepts.
Project Description: A written summary of the project in 500 words maximum, outlining:
The program and site specifics.
Environmental challenges and opportunities identified.
Design transformations driven by thermal performance considerations.
Illustrative Process Documentation: Include:
Initial sketches and diagrams illustrating early ideas.
Intermediate design iterations showing changes made in response to thermal analyses.
Final sketches and visualizations presenting the mature concept.
References and Materials: Information on materials, construction methods, and their relationship to thermal and environmental performance.
Spatial Arrangements: Layout and zoning diagrams showing how spatial organization responded to climatic and functional requirements.
Text Requirements: All text must be typed in Arial font, size 10.
Purpose: This booklet should not only present the final design but also tell the story of the project’s journey, emphasizing the interplay between thermal analysis and architectural creativity.

2. Climatic and Concept Evolution Statement

Format: A4 page, typed in Arial font, size 10.
Content:
A concise 200-word statement summarizing:
The main design concept.
How the concept evolved to respond to the specific climatic conditions of the given site.
The relationship between architectural intent and environmental performance.
Purpose: This statement should demonstrate a deep understanding of the climatic factors influencing the project and articulate how these were addressed through design.

3. Presentation Board

Format: Up to three (3) A0 (841 × 1189 mm) boards.
Content Requirements: The boards must visually and technically represent the final project with the following components:
Floor Plans:
Fully dimensioned floor plans at 1:100 scale.
Indicate finishes, materials, and functional zoning.
Elevations:
Building elevations at 1:100 scale with detailed annotations showing materiality and shading systems.
Sections:
Minimum of 4 sections at 1:100 scale showing the building’s response to thermal and climatic challenges, such as insulation layers, natural ventilation pathways, and solar control strategies.
Details:
At least 2 detailed drawings at 1:25 scale showing critical construction aspects, particularly:
Envelope composition.
Thermal insulation strategies and techniques.
Structural and material connections.
3D Renderings:
A minimum of 4 renderings showcasing:
Key exterior views.
Interior spaces with a focus on lighting and spatial ambiance.
Site Model and Rough Draft Models:
A final physical model of the project, including the site, at 1:100 scale.
All intermediate rough models developed during the semester must also be submitted, documenting the iterative design process.
Materiality Representation: Ensure all models include accurate representations of the material choices.

4. Thermal Calculations File

Format: An Excel (.xls) file.
Content Requirements:
Comprehensive documentation of all thermal calculations performed throughout the project lifecycle.
Include:
Initial site climate data analysis and energy performance baselines.
Iterative calculations for:
Thermal conductivity (U-values) and resistance (R-values).
Solar gains and shading performance.
Heating and cooling loads.
Daylight factor analysis.
Final energy performance metrics, including comparisons to regulatory or target benchmarks.
Purpose: This file serves as a detailed record of the analytical rigor applied during the semester and should illustrate the connection between numerical results and design evolution.

Evaluation Criteria

Clarity and Depth of Analysis: The ability to clearly articulate how thermal and environmental considerations influenced the design process.
Integration of Thermal Engineering and Architecture: The extent to which thermal calculations and environmental parameters are meaningfully integrated into the project.
Quality of Deliverables:
Visual clarity and presentation quality of the booklet, boards, and models.
Completeness and accuracy of thermal calculations.
Creativity and Innovation: The originality of the design solutions in addressing climatic and thermal challenges.
This structured submission process ensures that students not only demonstrate technical proficiency but also illustrate how analytical insights can enrich and inform architectural creativity.


Bibliographie

References (not exhaustive list)

Hopkinson R.G., Petherbridge P., Longmore J. " Daylighting ". London : Heinemann, 1966.
Kibert Ch. J. " Sustainable Construction : Green Building Design and Delivery ". New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
Olgyay V. " Design With Climate ". Princeton, NJ :Princeton University Press, 1963.
Bainbridge D.A., Haggart K. " Passive solar architecture : heating, cooling, ventilation, daylighthing and more using natural flows ". Chelsea Green Publishing, 2011.



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